Idea — After the gist listen, set a detailed task for the second listen. Learners now search for specific information and may need a third listen or a pause. Example — Second listen: ‘What three…
Idea — The first listen should always be for gist — one question, whole recording. Do not pause, rewind, or clarify during this listen. Learners need to build tolerance for ambiguity. Example — First listen:…
Idea — We listen in three main ways: casually (background awareness), selectively (targeting one thing), and attentively (full focus, active processing). Match your task type to the listening purpose. Example — Podcast while cooking =…
Idea — ‘Not Given’ is not ‘False.’ False means the text contradicts the statement. Not Given means the text is silent on it. Learners confuse these constantly. Example — Text: ‘The museum opens at 9.’…
Idea — Context is the situation around a text: who wrote it, for whom, why, and where it appears. Setting context helps learners engage appropriately and reduces processing load. Example — Before a listening: ‘Two…
Idea — A lead-in activates what learners already know about a topic before they meet the text. It primes top-down processing, generates interest, and sets context. Keep it short. Example — Before a text about…
Idea — Skimming means reading quickly for the general idea, not detail. Readers move fast, taking in headings, first sentences, and key words. Not every text rewards it equally. Example — Skimming a news article…
Idea — Scanning means searching a text for a specific piece of information — a name, a number, a date — without reading everything. It is a real-world skill, not a test trick. Example —…
Idea — A gist task asks for the general idea of a text, not specific detail. Set it before learners read or listen. One question. Whole text. First pass only. Example — Before listening: ‘What…
Idea — Top-down processing means using prior knowledge, context, and expectations to predict and understand a text. Learners draw on what they know about the world to fill gaps. Example — Seeing the headline ‘Earthquake…