Idea — Untrained peer editors either praise everything or correct spelling. Trained peer editors follow a checklist: Is the aim clear? Does each paragraph develop one idea? Does the ending follow from the body? Example…
Idea — Delayed feedback collects learner errors during a fluency task and addresses them immediately after — while the language is still warm. It protects flow and still targets accuracy. Example — Teacher monitors a…
Idea — Immediate correction suits accuracy-focused tasks — drills, written exercises. During fluency tasks, it breaks flow and discourages speaking. Decide the task aim first, then set the correction policy. Example — During a grammar…
Idea — Willis’s TBL cycle: pre-task (introduce topic, activate language) → task (meaning first) → planning and report (prepare to present) → language focus (reflect on what was used). Example — Task: plan a surprise…
Idea — Discussion tasks vary in cognitive and linguistic difficulty. Match the demand to the level: A2 needs concrete familiar topics with scaffolding; C1 can handle abstract contested ideas without support. Example — A2: “What…
Idea — Role-plays succeed when learners know their character, situation, and goal before they begin. Context cards do this work. Correction happens after — never interrupt a role-play mid-scene. Example — Card: “You are a…
Idea — Drilling is repetition for pronunciation and automatisation. Move from choral (everyone together) to individual (one learner) to substitution (swap one element). Never drill before meaning is clear. Example — Choral: “She’s been working…
Idea — Controlled practice limits what learners can say to focus attention on one language point. It is not natural language, but it reduces cognitive load while a new form is being automatised. Example —…
Idea — Research (Derwing & Munro) shows that listeners adapt to unfamiliar accents through exposure, not accent-drilling exercises. Variety builds tolerance; correction builds anxiety. Example — Learners who hear one unfamiliar non-native accent weekly for…
Idea — Discourse markers — “however,” “the key point is,” “moving on” — signal shifts in topic, contrast, and emphasis. Training learners to hear them reveals text structure in real time. Example — A lecturer…