Sourov DEB

Learn, Teach, Understand

Countable vs Uncountable Nouns: The Rule Behind the Rule

⏱ 5 Minutes · A2/B1

πŸ“– From Experience

“I need an information.” I said this. In a job interview. The interviewer smiled kindly and said nothing. Information is uncountable in English β€” a fact that ruins sentences for speakers of almost every other language, including Bengali and French.

πŸ“š The Principle

Countable = you can count individual units: a book, three chairs.
Uncountable = mass/abstract β€” no plural, no a/an: information, advice, furniture, luggage, money, news, progress, research, travel, work.

πŸ“š Quantifiers

Countable Uncountable
some/any some books / any chairs some information / any advice
much/many many people much time
a lot of a lot of questions a lot of luggage
a few/a little a few days a little money
✏️ Your Turn

Correct the errors:

  1. Can I have an advice?
  2. I have many homeworks tonight.
  3. She bought a new furniture.
  4. Do you have any informations about the job?
πŸ’‘ Check Answers
  1. Can I have some advice? / a piece of advice?
  2. I have a lot of homework tonight.
  3. She bought some new furniture. / a piece of furniture.
  4. Do you have any information about the job?

Independent project β€” not affiliated with, endorsed by, or accredited by Cambridge University Press & Assessment. Confers no qualification.

Phrasal Verbs at Work: Put Off, Take On, Hand In

⏱ 5 Minutes · B1

πŸ“– From Experience

When I managed a team of fifteen at the Ivy, I learned more phrasal verbs in two months than in two years of study. “Hand in the stock report.” “Don’t put off the complaint.” “We’re taking on two new staff.” Phrasal verbs are how English actually works at work.

πŸ“š Work Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal Verb Meaning Example
put off postpone Don’t put off the meeting.
take on hire / accept responsibility We’re taking on new staff.
hand in submit Hand in your report by Friday.
carry out do / execute We carried out a full review.
deal with handle Can you deal with the complaint?
set up establish / arrange She set up the new system.
turn down refuse He turned down the promotion.
✏️ Your Turn

Replace the underlined words with a phrasal verb:

  1. Please submit the form by noon.
  2. We decided to postpone the meeting until Thursday.
  3. She refused the job offer β€” she wanted more money.
  4. We need to handle this complaint immediately.
πŸ’‘ Check Answers
  1. hand in
  2. put off
  3. turned down
  4. deal with

Independent project β€” not affiliated with, endorsed by, or accredited by Cambridge University Press & Assessment. Confers no qualification.

Narrative Tenses: Telling a Story in the Past

⏱ 5 Minutes · B1/B2

πŸ“– From Experience

My first year in Sydney, 2005: I had been walking for three hours when I finally found a cafΓ© that was hiring. I walked in. The manager looked up. That was my start in hospitality. Good stories need all three past tenses working together.

πŸ“š Three Past Tenses in Stories

Tense Role in narrative Signal words
Past Simple Main events (what happened, in order) then, next, suddenly, after that
Past Continuous Background / interrupted action while, as, just as
Past Perfect Events before the main story began had + pp, by the time, already
βœ… Examples

  • The sun was setting [background] when she arrived [event].
  • He had already left [before] when I called [main event].
  • While I was working the night shift, I discovered I loved the pressure.
✏️ Your Turn

Fill in with correct past tense:

  1. I ___ (wait) for the bus when it suddenly ___ (start) to rain.
  2. By the time they ___ (arrive), we ___ (eat) everything.
  3. She ___ (never / see) snow before she ___ (move) to France.
πŸ’‘ Check Answers
  1. was waiting / started
  2. arrived / had eaten
  3. had never seen / moved

Independent project β€” not affiliated with, endorsed by, or accredited by Cambridge University Press & Assessment. Confers no qualification.

Future Forms: Will, Going To, and Present Continuous

⏱ 5 Minutes · A2/B1

πŸ“– From Experience

When my daughter was born, I thought: I will teach her everything I know. But Vanessa, more practical, said: I’m going to book her first check-up tomorrow. And our neighbour texted: We’re coming round on Saturday. Three futures. Three meanings.

πŸ“š The Three Forms

Form When to use Example
will Spontaneous decisions; predictions; offers I’ll get the door.
going to Plans already decided; evidence-based predictions I’m going to study tonight. / Look at those clouds β€” it’s going to rain.
Pres. Continuous Fixed arrangements (diary entries) I’m meeting her at 3.
✏️ Your Turn

Choose the best future form:

  1. A: The phone is ringing. B: I ___ (get) it.
  2. She ___ (start) a new job next Monday. She’s signed the contract.
  3. Look at that child β€” she ___ (fall) off the chair!
  4. We ___ (have) dinner with friends on Saturday evening.
πŸ’‘ Check Answers
  1. I’ll get it (spontaneous decision)
  2. She’s going to start / She’s starting (both work β€” planned & fixed)
  3. She’s going to fall (evidence visible now)
  4. We’re having (fixed arrangement)

Independent project β€” not affiliated with, endorsed by, or accredited by Cambridge University Press & Assessment. Confers no qualification.

Third Conditional: The Grammar of Regret

⏱ 5 Minutes · B2

πŸ“– From Experience

After the incident at work that cost me a role I had trained for, I spent weeks thinking in the third conditional: If I had known, I would have done it differently. If they had been honest, things would have turned out better. It is the language of hindsight β€” useful for processing, dangerous if you live in it.

πŸ“š Form

If + past perfect, would have + past participle

Use for: imagining a different PAST β€” the situation cannot change now.

βœ… Examples

  • If I had studied harder, I would have passed.
  • She wouldn’t have left if she had known the truth.
  • If we had arrived earlier, we would have got seats.
πŸ“š Mixed Conditionals (B2+)

Past cause, present result:
If I hadn’t moved to Sydney, I wouldn’t be who I am now.

✏️ Your Turn

Correct the errors:

  1. If I would have known, I had told you.
  2. She wouldn’t left if she had knew.
  3. If he studied more, he would have passed.
πŸ’‘ Check Answers
  1. If I had known, I would have told you.
  2. She wouldn’t have left if she had known.
  3. If he had studied more, he would have passed.

Independent project β€” not affiliated with, endorsed by, or accredited by Cambridge University Press & Assessment. Confers no qualification.

Second Conditional: Imagining a Different Life

⏱ 5 Minutes · B1

πŸ“– From Experience

People ask me: if you hadn’t left Bangladesh, what would your life look like? I always pause. The second conditional is the grammar of that pause β€” imagining a different present by changing a past choice.

πŸ“š Form & Use

If + past simple, would + base verb

Use it for: imaginary/unlikely situations in the present or future.

  • If I lived in Paris, I would cycle everywhere.
  • If she spoke French, she would move to RΓ©union.

vs First Conditional (real possibility): If I study, I will pass.

βœ… Examples

  • If I had a Nikon, I would take better photos.
  • What would you do if you won the lottery?
  • I would move to the island if the weather were warmer.
✏️ Your Turn

Complete with second conditional:

  1. If I ___ (know) the answer, I ___ (tell) you.
  2. She ___ (travel) more if she ___ (have) the time.
  3. What ___ you ___ (do) if you ___ (be) the teacher?
πŸ’‘ Check Answers
  1. knew / would tell
  2. would travel / had
  3. would you do / were

Independent project β€” not affiliated with, endorsed by, or accredited by Cambridge University Press & Assessment. Confers no qualification.

Reported Speech: What She Actually Said

⏱ 5 Minutes · B1/B2

πŸ“– From Experience

At CDG airport, it was snowing. Vanessa had been waiting for four hours. She said: “I knew you would make it.” Years later I still replay that sentence. In English, to tell someone else what she said, I have to shift the tense back: she said she knew I would make it.

πŸ“š Tense Backshift

Direct Reported
am/is/are was/were
do/does did
will would
can could
have done had done
did had done
βœ… Examples

  • “I live in France.” β†’ She said she lived in France.
  • “I will call you.” β†’ He said he would call me.
  • “We have finished.” β†’ They said they had finished.
✏️ Your Turn

Report these sentences:

  1. “I am tired,” she said.
  2. “We can help you,” they told me.
  3. “I have never been to Asia,” he said.
  4. “It will snow tomorrow,” the forecast said.
πŸ’‘ Check Answers
  1. She said she was tired.
  2. They told me they could help me.
  3. He said he had never been to Asia.
  4. The forecast said it would snow the next day.

Independent project β€” not affiliated with, endorsed by, or accredited by Cambridge University Press & Assessment. Confers no qualification.

Relative Clauses: Who, Which, That, Where

⏱ 5 Minutes · B1/B2 · Cambridge

πŸ‘¨β€πŸ³ Sourov’s Story

RΓ©union is the island where my daughter was born. The hospital where she arrived was small, clean, and impossibly calm. The nurse who handled the C-section had been working since 4 a.m. Relative clauses pack a whole story into one sentence.

πŸ“š Which Pronoun?

Pronoun Refers to
who / that People
which / that Things & animals
where Places
whose Possession
βœ… Defining vs Non-Defining

Defining (no commas): The book that I read changed my life. [which book?]
Non-defining (commas): RΓ©union, which is a French island, is stunning. [extra info β€” use which, never that]

✏️ Your Turn

Join the sentences with a relative clause:

  1. That is the restaurant. I worked there for three years.
  2. She is the manager. Her patience I admired most.
  3. The book changed my life. I found it at the airport.
πŸ’‘ Answers
  1. That is the restaurant where I worked for three years.
  2. She is the manager whose patience I admired most.
  3. The book that I found at the airport changed my life.

Independent project β€” not affiliated with, endorsed by, or accredited by Cambridge University Press & Assessment. Confers no qualification.

Articles: A, An, The β€” The Rules Nobody Tells You

⏱ 5 Minutes · A2/B1 · Cambridge

🌏 Sourov’s Story

“I want a water.” I said this on my first week in Sydney. The waiter stared. Water is uncountable β€” you don’t say a water unless you mean a bottle or a glass. Articles were the hardest thing about English for me as a Bengali speaker. Bengali has none.

πŸ“š The Three Rules

Article When Example
a / an First mention; one of many I saw a restaurant.
the Both speaker & listener know which The restaurant was full.
β€” (zero) General / uncountable / plural Water is essential. Dogs are loyal.
βœ… Quick Tips

  • a before consonant sound: a university [/j/ sound]
  • an before vowel sound: an hour [silent h]
  • Countries: the UK, the USA β€” but France, Australia
✏️ Your Turn

Fill in: a / an / the / β€” (nothing)

  1. I need ___ advice.
  2. She is ___ honest woman.
  3. ___ sun rises in the east.
  4. He ordered ___ coffee and ___ orange juice.
  5. I love ___ music.
πŸ’‘ Answers
  1. β€” (advice is uncountable)
  2. an
  3. The
  4. a coffee, an orange juice
  5. β€” (music in general)

Independent project β€” not affiliated with, endorsed by, or accredited by Cambridge University Press & Assessment. Confers no qualification.

The Passive Voice: When the Action Matters More Than the Actor

⏱ 5 Minutes · B1/B2 · Cambridge

🎰 Sourov’s Story

At Star Casino, every movement was monitored. The wine was chilled before service. Tables were cleared within sixty seconds. Mistakes were not tolerated. I never heard anyone say who did these things β€” the passive voice is the language of professional kitchens.

πŸ“š Form

be (correct tense) + past participle

  • Present: The room is cleaned every morning.
  • Past: The order was placed at noon.
  • Present Perfect: The bill has been sent.
  • Modal: Guests must be greeted immediately.
βœ… When to Use It

  • The agent (doer) is unknown, obvious, or unimportant.
  • Formal and professional writing.
  • Scientific and news contexts.
✏️ Your Turn

Turn active β†’ passive:

  1. They clean the kitchen every night.
  2. Someone stole his bag.
  3. The chef has prepared your table.
  4. You must return the key by noon.
πŸ’‘ Answers
  1. The kitchen is cleaned every night.
  2. His bag was stolen.
  3. Your table has been prepared.
  4. The key must be returned by noon.

Independent project β€” not affiliated with, endorsed by, or accredited by Cambridge University Press & Assessment. Confers no qualification.